Hengameh Hoshyar-Chamanarae; Madjid Momeni Moghaddam
Abstract
Mitophagy occurs exclusively in the mitochondrial organ, itself considered one of the types of autophagy, and plays a very specific role in cellular functions and controlling tissue expansion. So, knowing this process as much ...
Read More
Mitophagy occurs exclusively in the mitochondrial organ, itself considered one of the types of autophagy, and plays a very specific role in cellular functions and controlling tissue expansion. So, knowing this process as much as possible can help us understand many of the cell processes, especially the cell aging process, and the pathways that cause physiological diseases. In the process of mitophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three genes are directly involved, namely ATG 11, ATG 32, and ATG 8. This process has been researched for many years, but winning the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his discoveries of mechanisms for Autophagy by Yoshinori Ohsumi caused the world's attention to this cellular mechanism. In recent years, the Saccharomyces cell model has received a lot of attention in understanding the process of cell aging and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and many types of cancer, and this article reviews the importance of the above genes and specifically examines the pathway in cervical Saccharomyces. The specific Autophagy of each organelle can help cure painful and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and many types of cancer. They hope that by finding the mechanisms, Autophagy can make it more active or keep it active until the end of life, and in this way, it can cure these diseases or at least help cure a lot. This review article attempts to introduce and overview the role of key genes in the process.
Mohammad Nasrabadi; Faezeh Berenjkar; Maryam Hashemabadi; Mahdi Askari; Gholamreza Hashemitabar
Abstract
Escherichia coli is reported as the most common organism in humams and animals and introduced as a critical priority bacterium due to antibiotic resistance according to World Health Organization. The multi drug resistant (MDR) and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing E. coli stains have ...
Read More
Escherichia coli is reported as the most common organism in humams and animals and introduced as a critical priority bacterium due to antibiotic resistance according to World Health Organization. The multi drug resistant (MDR) and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing E. coli stains have become a global health challenge worldwide since the related infections are difficult to treat. Poultry has been considered as an important reservoir of E. coli, can play an important role in transmitting these strains to humans. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing and MDR E. coli isolated from poultry and their association with different phylogroups. The current study was conducted on a collection of 100 E. coli isolates from colibacillosis in poultry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ESBL production, the prevalence of ESBL-mediated genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCTX-M) were assessed and phylogenetic groups were analyzed using the Clermont 2013 and 2019 updated methods. The highest resistance was against tetracycline (88%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (86%), and chloramphenicol (70%). Also, the frequency of ESBL-production and MDR was (41%) and (70%), respectively. The blaTEM was the most prevalent gene among isolates with a frequency of 48%. Phylogroup analysis assigned E. coli isolates to B1 (23%), D (22%), A (10%), G (11%), F (8%), B2 (5%), and C (4%). Applying antimicrobial stewardship is critical because the circulation of ESBL-producing E. coli and MDR isolates threatens medicine and veterinary. In addition, our results revealed the noticeable prevalence of the novel phylogroup G in poultry for the first time in Iran.
