Document Type : Research Articles
Authors
Department of Biology Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the roots and aerial parts of Salvia abrotanoides obtained at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding) and to determine their total phenol and flavonoid content. Disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods evaluated antibacterial activity against eight bacterial strains. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used to determine the content of total phenol and flavonoids, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most sensitive and resistant bacteria to the extracts, respectively. The strongest antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant bacteria was recorded for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treated with ethyl acetate extract of the root at the seeding stage, in which MIC and MBC values were 30.33 and 40.00 mg/mL, respectively. The highest content of total phenol (557.51 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (236.40 mg QE/g DW) was found in the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts in the seeding phase. The aerial parts had more total phenolic and flavonoid content at different phenological stages than the root. The antioxidant capacity of the aerial part was also better that of the roots. The ethyl acetate extract of the aerial part at the seeding phase presented the highest DPPH scavenging activity (92.51 ± 1.25 %). The results showed that S. abrotanoides extracts, especially at the seeding phase, have good potential as a source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and bioactive compounds and can be considered good candidates in the development of new drugs or as the main source of food preservative compounds.
Keywords
Abedini A., Roumi V., Mahieux S., Gohari A., Farimani M.M., Riviere C., et al. (2014) Antimicrobial activity of selected Iranian medicinal plants against a broad spectrum of pathogenic and drug multiresistant micro-organisms. Letters in Applied Microiology 59: 412-421.
Al-Ani N.K., Al-Ezzy R.M., Al-Jomaili F.T., Al-Ani H.N. and Kadhim A.A. (2019) Evaluating the total flavonoids, Reductive ability and antibacterial potentials of Salvia officinalis aqueous extract. GPH-Internationa Journal of Biological Science 2: 1-7.
Aminian R., Mardani M. and Davoodnia B. (2018) The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Plantago major and Astragalus hamosus on some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. [In Persian]. Journal of Plant Research 31: 556-567.
Amirian F., Kazemi Pour N., Khoshroo S.M..R, Sayadi A., Karmostaji A. and Mousavi S.M. (2018) Synergistic effect and antibacterial activities of extracts of Salvia and Rosemary officinalis against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical urinary tract infection. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research 15: e80148.
Aryal S., Baniya M.K., Danekhu K., Kunwar P., Gurung R. and Koirala N. (2019) Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants 8: 96
Asadi-Semnani M., Khaledi M., Khaledi F., Samarghandian S., Gholipour A. (2019) Phytochemical properties and antibacterial effects of Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Euphorbia microsciadia Boiss., and Reseda lutea on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanii. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 14: e63640.
Ashraf S.N., Zubair M., Rizwan K., Tareen R.B., Rasool N., Zia-Ul-Haq M., et al. (2014) Compositional studies and biological activities of Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. oils. Biological Research 47: 12.
Aziz M. and Karboune S. (2018) Natural antimicrobial/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58: 486-511.
Bazzaz B.S. and Haririzadeh G. (2003) Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Biology 41:573–83.
Belkheir A.K., Gaid M., Liu B., Hansch R. and Beerhues L. (2016) Benzophenone synthase and chalcone synthase accumulate in mesophyll of Hypericum perforatum leaves at different developmental stages. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 1- 9. Bielecka M., Pencakowski B., Stafiniak M., Jakubowski K., Rahimmalek M., Gharibi S. et al. (2021) Metabolomics and DNA-Based authentication of two traditional Asian medicinal and aromatic species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Cells 10: 112. Bostanci M.T., Bulbul A.S., Celik, I.S., Kocabas Y.Z., Burhan H., Bayat R. et al. (2022) Investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anticancer properties of methanol extracts of Salvia marashica İlçim, Celep & Doğan and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth plants with medicinal importance. Chemosphere 288: 132602.
Cao E.N., Liu X.Q., Wang J.J. and Xu N.F. (1996) Effect of natural antioxidant tanshinone II-A on DNA damage by lipid peroxidation in liver cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 20: 801-806.
Chang C., Yang M., Wen H. and Chern J. (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10: 178-182.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (2012) Twenty-second informational supplement. Document M100-S22 Wayne PC.
Connor A.M., Luby J.J., Tong B.S., Finn C.E. and Hancock J.F. (2002) Genotypic and environmental variation in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content among blueberry cultivars. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127:89–97.
Demain A.L. (2006) From natural products discovery to commercialization: a success story. J ind Microbiol Biotechnol 33: 486-495.
Feng H.B., Xiang H., Zhang J.Y., Liu G.W., Guo N., Wang X.L. et al. (2009) Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the response of Staphylococcus aureus to cryptotanshinone. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 10:1-8.
García-Caparrós P., Filippis L.D., Hasanuzzaman M., Ozturk M., Altay V. and Lao M.T. (2021) Oxidative stress and antioxidant metabolism under adverse environmental conditions: a review. Botanical Review 87: 421-466
Geryani M.A.., Mahdian D, Mousavi S.H. and Hosseini A. (2016) Ctotoxic and apoptogenic effects of Perovskia abrotanoides flower extract on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 6:410-7.
Ghaderi S., Nejad EbrahimI S., Ahadi H., Eslambolchi Moghadam S. and Mirjalili M.H. (2019) In vitro propagation and phytochemical assessment of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. (Lamiaceae)- A medicinally important source of phenolic compounds. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 19: 101113.
Ghaffari Z., Rahimmalek M. and Sabzalian M. (2018) Variations in essential oil composition and antioxidant activity in Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. collected from different regions in Iran. Chemistry & Biodiversity 15(6): e1700565.
Ghafourian, M. and Mazandarani M. (2017) Ethnopharmacology, ecological requirements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. extract for vaginal infections from Semnan province. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 5: 295- 300.
Hosseinzadeh H. and Amel S. (2001) Antinociceptive effects of the aerial parts of Perovskia abrotanoides extracts in mice. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 4: 15-17.
Ivanov M., Kostic M., Stojkovic D. and Sokovic M. (2022) Rosmarinic acid-modes of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a common plant polyphenol. South African Journal of Botany 146: 521-527.
Jaderi Z., Tabatabaei Yazdi F., Mortazavi S.A.and Koocheki A. (2022) Investigation of the composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of Salvia abrotanoides essential oil. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022: 1-10.
Jeong J.Y., Jung I.G., Yum S.H. and Hwang Y.J. (2023) In Vitro synergistic inhibitory effects of plant extract combinations on bacterial growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals 16, 1491.
Jordan M.J., Lax V., Rota M., Loran S. and Sotomayor J.A. (2013) Effect of the phenological stage on the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and its polyphenolic extract. Industrial Crops and Products 48:144-152.
Katiyar C., Gupta A., Kanjilal S. and Katiyar S. (2012) Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. Ayu 331: 10-19.
Khojasteh A., Mirjalili M.H., Alcalde M.A., Cusido R.M., Eibl R. and Palazon J. (2020) Powerful plant antioxidants: A new biosustainable approach to the production of rosmarinic acid. Antioxidants 9: 1273.
Lebedev V.G., Lebedeva T.N., Vidyagina E.O., Sorokopudov V.N., Popova A.A. and Shestibratov K.A. (2022) Relationship between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of raspberry genotypes and their genotyping by SSR Markers. Antioxidants 1(10):1961.
Lee D.S.., Lee SH., Noh J.G. and Hong S.D. (1999) Antibacterial activities of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I from medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 6312: 2236-2239.
Li X., Cai Y., Xia Q., Liao Y. and Qin R. (2023) Antibacterial sensitizers from natural plants: A powerful weapon against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1118793. Mahboubi M. and Kazempour N. (2009) The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Perovskia abrotanoides Karel and its main components. Indian Journal of Pharmacutical Sciences 713: 343–347.
Manuelian C.L., Pitino R., Simoni M., Mavrommatis A., De Marchi M., Righi F. et al. (2021) Plant feed additives as natural alternatives to the use of synthetic antioxidant vitamins on livestock mammals’ performances, health, and oxidative status: A review of the literature in the last 20 Years. Antioxidants 10: 1461.
Mgbeahuruike E.E., Yrjonen T., Vuorela H. and Holm Y. (2017) Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants: Focus on Piper species. South African Journal of Botany 112: 54-69.
Molyneux P. (2004) The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 26: 211-219.
Nandhini P., Kumar P., Mickymaray S., Alothaim A.S. Somasundaram J. and Rajan M. (2022) Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Treatment: A Review. Antibiotics 11: 606.
Nassiri-Asl M., Parvardeh S., Niapour M. and Hosseinzadeh H. (2002) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Perovskia abrotanoides aerial part extracts in mice and rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants 3: 25-33. Pal M., Kerorsa G.B., Marami L.M. and Kandi V. (2020) Epidemiology, pathogenicity, animal infections, antibiotic resistance, public health significance, and economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus: A comprehensive review. American Journal of Public Health Research 8: 14-21.
Park E.J., Zhao Y.Z., Kim Y.C. and Sohn D.H. (2009) Preventive effects of a purified extract isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza enriched with tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone on hepatocyte injury in vitro and in vivo. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47: 2742-8.
Rostami F., Radjabian T. and Abrishamchi P. (2022) Enhancement of phenolic acids accumulation in Salvia arotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma shoot cultures under elicitation with nitric oxide. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 149: 441-453.
Sairafianpour M., Christensen J., Staerk D., Budnik B.A., Kharazmi A., Bagherzadeh K. et al. (2001) Leishmanicidal, antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activity of novel diterpenoid 1,2-quinones from Perovskia abrotanoides: New source of tanshinones. Journal of Natural Products 6411: 1398-1403.
Selim S., Almuhayawi M.S., Alqhtani H., Al Jaouni S.K., Saleh F.M., Warrad M. et al. (2022) Anti-Salmonella and antibiofilm potency of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics 11: 489.
Song M., Liu Y., Li T., Liu X., Hao Z., Ding S. et al. (2021) Plant natural flavonoids against multidrug resistant pathogens. Advanced Science 8: 2100749.
Stafiniak M., Ślusarczyk S., Pencakowski B., Matkowski A., Rahimmalek M. and Bielecka M. (2021) Seasonal variations of rosmarinic acid and its glucoside and expression of genes related to their biosynthesis in two medicinal and aromatic species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Biology 10: 458.
Tohma H., Koksal E., Kilic O., Yilmaz M.A., Gulcin I., Bursal E, Alvasel S (2016) RP-HPLC/MS/MS analysis of the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia L. species. Antioxidants 5: 38.
Vieira S.F., Ferreira H. and Nenes N.M. (2020) Antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activities of cytocompatible extracts: a comparison between traditional and soxhlet extraction. Antioxidants 9: 1157.
Wang D., Zhang W., Wang T., Li N., Mu H., Zhang J. and Duan J. (2015) Unveiling the mode of action of two antibacterial tanshinone derivatives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16(8):17668-17681.
Yasbolaghi Sharahi J., Aliakbar Ahovan Z., Taghizadeh Maleki D., Riahi Rad Z., Goudarzi M., Shariati A. et al. (2020) In vitro antibacterial activity of curcumin-meropenem combination against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria isolated from burn wound infections. Avicenna Journal of phytomedicine 10: 3-10. Zhao L., Zhao Y., Wei J., Liu Z., Li C. and Kang W. (2021) Antibacterial mechanism of dihydrotanshinone I. Natural Product Communications 16(2):1-8.
Zhong J., Wang H., Zhuang Y. and Shen Q. (2021) Identification of the antibacterial mechanism of cryptotanshinone on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using bioinformatics analysis. Scientific Reports 11: 21726.
Al-Ani N.K., Al-Ezzy R.M., Al-Jomaili F.T., Al-Ani H.N. and Kadhim A.A. (2019) Evaluating the total flavonoids, Reductive ability and antibacterial potentials of Salvia officinalis aqueous extract. GPH-Internationa Journal of Biological Science 2: 1-7.
Aminian R., Mardani M. and Davoodnia B. (2018) The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Plantago major and Astragalus hamosus on some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. [In Persian]. Journal of Plant Research 31: 556-567.
Amirian F., Kazemi Pour N., Khoshroo S.M..R, Sayadi A., Karmostaji A. and Mousavi S.M. (2018) Synergistic effect and antibacterial activities of extracts of Salvia and Rosemary officinalis against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical urinary tract infection. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research 15: e80148.
Aryal S., Baniya M.K., Danekhu K., Kunwar P., Gurung R. and Koirala N. (2019) Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants 8: 96
Asadi-Semnani M., Khaledi M., Khaledi F., Samarghandian S., Gholipour A. (2019) Phytochemical properties and antibacterial effects of Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Euphorbia microsciadia Boiss., and Reseda lutea on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanii. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 14: e63640.
Ashraf S.N., Zubair M., Rizwan K., Tareen R.B., Rasool N., Zia-Ul-Haq M., et al. (2014) Compositional studies and biological activities of Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. oils. Biological Research 47: 12.
Aziz M. and Karboune S. (2018) Natural antimicrobial/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58: 486-511.
Bazzaz B.S. and Haririzadeh G. (2003) Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Biology 41:573–83.
Belkheir A.K., Gaid M., Liu B., Hansch R. and Beerhues L. (2016) Benzophenone synthase and chalcone synthase accumulate in mesophyll of Hypericum perforatum leaves at different developmental stages. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 1- 9. Bielecka M., Pencakowski B., Stafiniak M., Jakubowski K., Rahimmalek M., Gharibi S. et al. (2021) Metabolomics and DNA-Based authentication of two traditional Asian medicinal and aromatic species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Cells 10: 112. Bostanci M.T., Bulbul A.S., Celik, I.S., Kocabas Y.Z., Burhan H., Bayat R. et al. (2022) Investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anticancer properties of methanol extracts of Salvia marashica İlçim, Celep & Doğan and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth plants with medicinal importance. Chemosphere 288: 132602.
Cao E.N., Liu X.Q., Wang J.J. and Xu N.F. (1996) Effect of natural antioxidant tanshinone II-A on DNA damage by lipid peroxidation in liver cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 20: 801-806.
Chang C., Yang M., Wen H. and Chern J. (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10: 178-182.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI): Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (2012) Twenty-second informational supplement. Document M100-S22 Wayne PC.
Connor A.M., Luby J.J., Tong B.S., Finn C.E. and Hancock J.F. (2002) Genotypic and environmental variation in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content among blueberry cultivars. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127:89–97.
Demain A.L. (2006) From natural products discovery to commercialization: a success story. J ind Microbiol Biotechnol 33: 486-495.
Feng H.B., Xiang H., Zhang J.Y., Liu G.W., Guo N., Wang X.L. et al. (2009) Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the response of Staphylococcus aureus to cryptotanshinone. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 10:1-8.
García-Caparrós P., Filippis L.D., Hasanuzzaman M., Ozturk M., Altay V. and Lao M.T. (2021) Oxidative stress and antioxidant metabolism under adverse environmental conditions: a review. Botanical Review 87: 421-466
Geryani M.A.., Mahdian D, Mousavi S.H. and Hosseini A. (2016) Ctotoxic and apoptogenic effects of Perovskia abrotanoides flower extract on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 6:410-7.
Ghaderi S., Nejad EbrahimI S., Ahadi H., Eslambolchi Moghadam S. and Mirjalili M.H. (2019) In vitro propagation and phytochemical assessment of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. (Lamiaceae)- A medicinally important source of phenolic compounds. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 19: 101113.
Ghaffari Z., Rahimmalek M. and Sabzalian M. (2018) Variations in essential oil composition and antioxidant activity in Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. collected from different regions in Iran. Chemistry & Biodiversity 15(6): e1700565.
Ghafourian, M. and Mazandarani M. (2017) Ethnopharmacology, ecological requirements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. extract for vaginal infections from Semnan province. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 5: 295- 300.
Hosseinzadeh H. and Amel S. (2001) Antinociceptive effects of the aerial parts of Perovskia abrotanoides extracts in mice. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 4: 15-17.
Ivanov M., Kostic M., Stojkovic D. and Sokovic M. (2022) Rosmarinic acid-modes of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a common plant polyphenol. South African Journal of Botany 146: 521-527.
Jaderi Z., Tabatabaei Yazdi F., Mortazavi S.A.and Koocheki A. (2022) Investigation of the composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of Salvia abrotanoides essential oil. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022: 1-10.
Jeong J.Y., Jung I.G., Yum S.H. and Hwang Y.J. (2023) In Vitro synergistic inhibitory effects of plant extract combinations on bacterial growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals 16, 1491.
Jordan M.J., Lax V., Rota M., Loran S. and Sotomayor J.A. (2013) Effect of the phenological stage on the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and its polyphenolic extract. Industrial Crops and Products 48:144-152.
Katiyar C., Gupta A., Kanjilal S. and Katiyar S. (2012) Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. Ayu 331: 10-19.
Khojasteh A., Mirjalili M.H., Alcalde M.A., Cusido R.M., Eibl R. and Palazon J. (2020) Powerful plant antioxidants: A new biosustainable approach to the production of rosmarinic acid. Antioxidants 9: 1273.
Lebedev V.G., Lebedeva T.N., Vidyagina E.O., Sorokopudov V.N., Popova A.A. and Shestibratov K.A. (2022) Relationship between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of raspberry genotypes and their genotyping by SSR Markers. Antioxidants 1(10):1961.
Lee D.S.., Lee SH., Noh J.G. and Hong S.D. (1999) Antibacterial activities of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I from medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 6312: 2236-2239.
Li X., Cai Y., Xia Q., Liao Y. and Qin R. (2023) Antibacterial sensitizers from natural plants: A powerful weapon against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1118793. Mahboubi M. and Kazempour N. (2009) The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Perovskia abrotanoides Karel and its main components. Indian Journal of Pharmacutical Sciences 713: 343–347.
Manuelian C.L., Pitino R., Simoni M., Mavrommatis A., De Marchi M., Righi F. et al. (2021) Plant feed additives as natural alternatives to the use of synthetic antioxidant vitamins on livestock mammals’ performances, health, and oxidative status: A review of the literature in the last 20 Years. Antioxidants 10: 1461.
Mgbeahuruike E.E., Yrjonen T., Vuorela H. and Holm Y. (2017) Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants: Focus on Piper species. South African Journal of Botany 112: 54-69.
Molyneux P. (2004) The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 26: 211-219.
Nandhini P., Kumar P., Mickymaray S., Alothaim A.S. Somasundaram J. and Rajan M. (2022) Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Treatment: A Review. Antibiotics 11: 606.
Nassiri-Asl M., Parvardeh S., Niapour M. and Hosseinzadeh H. (2002) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Perovskia abrotanoides aerial part extracts in mice and rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants 3: 25-33. Pal M., Kerorsa G.B., Marami L.M. and Kandi V. (2020) Epidemiology, pathogenicity, animal infections, antibiotic resistance, public health significance, and economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus: A comprehensive review. American Journal of Public Health Research 8: 14-21.
Park E.J., Zhao Y.Z., Kim Y.C. and Sohn D.H. (2009) Preventive effects of a purified extract isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza enriched with tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone on hepatocyte injury in vitro and in vivo. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47: 2742-8.
Rostami F., Radjabian T. and Abrishamchi P. (2022) Enhancement of phenolic acids accumulation in Salvia arotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma shoot cultures under elicitation with nitric oxide. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 149: 441-453.
Sairafianpour M., Christensen J., Staerk D., Budnik B.A., Kharazmi A., Bagherzadeh K. et al. (2001) Leishmanicidal, antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activity of novel diterpenoid 1,2-quinones from Perovskia abrotanoides: New source of tanshinones. Journal of Natural Products 6411: 1398-1403.
Selim S., Almuhayawi M.S., Alqhtani H., Al Jaouni S.K., Saleh F.M., Warrad M. et al. (2022) Anti-Salmonella and antibiofilm potency of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics 11: 489.
Song M., Liu Y., Li T., Liu X., Hao Z., Ding S. et al. (2021) Plant natural flavonoids against multidrug resistant pathogens. Advanced Science 8: 2100749.
Stafiniak M., Ślusarczyk S., Pencakowski B., Matkowski A., Rahimmalek M. and Bielecka M. (2021) Seasonal variations of rosmarinic acid and its glucoside and expression of genes related to their biosynthesis in two medicinal and aromatic species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Biology 10: 458.
Tohma H., Koksal E., Kilic O., Yilmaz M.A., Gulcin I., Bursal E, Alvasel S (2016) RP-HPLC/MS/MS analysis of the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia L. species. Antioxidants 5: 38.
Vieira S.F., Ferreira H. and Nenes N.M. (2020) Antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activities of cytocompatible extracts: a comparison between traditional and soxhlet extraction. Antioxidants 9: 1157.
Wang D., Zhang W., Wang T., Li N., Mu H., Zhang J. and Duan J. (2015) Unveiling the mode of action of two antibacterial tanshinone derivatives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16(8):17668-17681.
Yasbolaghi Sharahi J., Aliakbar Ahovan Z., Taghizadeh Maleki D., Riahi Rad Z., Goudarzi M., Shariati A. et al. (2020) In vitro antibacterial activity of curcumin-meropenem combination against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria isolated from burn wound infections. Avicenna Journal of phytomedicine 10: 3-10. Zhao L., Zhao Y., Wei J., Liu Z., Li C. and Kang W. (2021) Antibacterial mechanism of dihydrotanshinone I. Natural Product Communications 16(2):1-8.
Zhong J., Wang H., Zhuang Y. and Shen Q. (2021) Identification of the antibacterial mechanism of cryptotanshinone on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using bioinformatics analysis. Scientific Reports 11: 21726.
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