Aandahl E. M., Moretto W. J., Haslett P. A.,
Vang T., Bryn T. and Tasken K. (2002)
Inhibition of antigen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine production by
protein kinase A type 1. Journal of
Immunology 169: 802-808.
2. Allaman I., Lengacher S., Magistretti P. J.
and Pellerin L. (2003) A2B receptor
activation promotes glycogen synthesis in
astrocytes through modulation of gene
expression. American Journal of Cell
Physiology 284: 696–707.
3. Barres B. A. (1991) New roles for glia.
Journal of Neurosciences 11: 3685-3694.
4. Baumann N. and Pham-Dinh D. (2001)
Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in
the mammalian central nervous system.
Physiological Reviews 81: 871–927
5. Bignami A. and Dahl D. (1995) Gliosis.
Neuroglia. Oxford University Press,
NewYork. 843-858.
6. Dehghan S., Javan M., Pourabdolhossein F.,
Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. and Baharvand H.
(2012) Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Potentiates Myelin Repair Following
Induction of Experimental Demyelination
in Adult Mouse Optic Chiasm and
Nerves. Journal of Molecular Neurosciences
48: 77–85.
7. Dixon A. K., Gubitz A. K., Sirinathsinghji
D. J., Richardson P. J. and Freeman T. C.
(1996) Tissue Distribution of adenosine
receptor mRNAs in the rat. Brazilian
Journal of Pharmacology 118: 1461-1468.
8. Fancy S. P. J., Zhao C. and Franklin R. J. M.
(2004) Increased expression of Nkx2.2
and Olig2 identifies reactive
oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
responding to demyelination in the adult
CNS. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences
27: 247–254.
9. Franklin R. J. M. and French-Constant C.
(2008) Remyelination in the CNS: from
biology to therapy. Nature Reviews
Neuroscience 9: 839– 855.
10. Franklin R. J. M. (2002) Why does
remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3: 705–714.
11. Frederick T. J. and Miller S. D. (2006)
Future of multiple sclerosis therapy:
combining antigen-specific immunotherapy
with strategies to promote myelin repair.
Future Neurology 1: 489–503.
12. Gomes F. C. A., Paulin D. and Moura Neto
V. (1999) Glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP): modulation by growth factors and
its implication in astrocyte differentiation.
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological
Research 32: 619-631.
13. Goudarzvand M., Javan M. and Mirnajafi-
Zadeh J. (2010) Vitamins E and D3
attenuate demyelination and potentiate
remyelination processes of hippocampal
formation of rats following local Injection
of ethidium bromide. Cellular and
Molecular Neurobiology 30: 289–299.
14. Horrigan L. A., Kelly J. A. and Connor T. J.
(2006) Immunomodulatory effects of
caffeine: Friend or foe. Pharmacology
Therapeutics 111: 877–892.
15. Jordan C., Friedrich V. J. R. and Dubois-
Dalcq M. (1989) In situ hybridization
analysis of myelin gene transcripts in
developing mouse spinal cord. Journal of
Neurosciences 9: 248–257.
16. Keegan B. M. and Noseworthy J. H. (2002)
Multiple sclerosis. Annual Review of
Medicine 53: 285-302.
17. Khezri Sh., Javan M., Goudarzvand M.,
Semnanian S. and Baharvand H. (2013)
Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP inhibits the
progression of experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis and potentiates
recruitment of endogenous neural stem
cells. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 5:
298- 306.
18. Ligon K. L., Kesari S., Kitada M., Sun T.,
Arnett H. A. and Alberta J. A. (2006)
Development of NG2 neural progenitor cells
requires Olig2 gene function. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 103: 7853–7858.
19. Liu Z., Hu X., Cai J., Liu B., Peng X. and
Wegner M. (2007) Induction of
oligodendrocyte differentiation by Olig2
and Sox10: Evidence for reciprocal
interactions and dosage-dependent
mechanisms. Developmental Biology 302:
683–693.
20. Makinodan M., Tatsumi K., Okuda H.,
Manabe T., Yamauchi T., Noriyama Y.,
Kishimoto T. and Wanaka A. (2008)
Lysophosphatidyl choline induces delayed
myelination in the juvenile ventral
hippocampus and behavioral alterations in
adulthood. Neurochemistry International
53: 374–381.
21. McDonald W. I. and Ron M. A. (1999)
Multiple sclerosis: the disease and its
manifestations. Philosophical Transaction
of the Royal Society of London Series B
Biological Sciences 354: 1615-1622.
22. MCGurk S. R., Lvin E. D. and Butcher L. L. (1989) Radial arm maze performance in rats
is impaired by a combination of nicotinic
cholinergic and D2 dopaminergic antagonist
Drugs. Psychopharmacology 99: 371-373.
23. Menn B., Garcia-Verdugo J. M., Yaschine
C., Gonzalez-Perez O., Rowitch D. and
Alvarez-Buylla A. (2006) Origin of
oligodendrocytes in the subventricular
zone of the adult brain. Journal of
Neurosciences 26: 790-797.
24. Messersmith D. J., Murtie J. C., Le T. Q.,
Frost E. E. and Armstrong R. C. (2000)
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and fgf
receptor expression in an experimental
demyelinating disease with extensive
remyelination. Journal of neuroscience
Research 62: 241–256.
25. Mozafari S., Javan M., Sherafat M. A.,
Mirnajafi-zade J., Heibatollahi M., Pour-
Beiranvand S., Tiraihi T. and Ahmadiani A.
(2011) Analysis of structural and
molecular events associated with adult rat
optic chiasm and nerves demyelination and
remyelination; possible role for 3rd ventricle
proliferating cells. Neuromolecular
Medicine 13: 138-150.
26. Nakafuku M., Nakatomi H. and Kuriu T.
(2002) Regeneration of hippocampal
pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain
injury by recruitment of endogenous neural
progenitors. Cell 110: 429–444.
27. Paxinos G. and Watson C. (2007) The rat
brain in stereotaxic coordinates (6th ed.).
New York: Academic press.
28. Pittock S. J. and Lucchinetti C. F. (2007)
The pathology of MS: new insights and
potential clinical applications. Neurologist
13: 45–56.
29. Raff M. C., Miller R. H. and Noble M.
(1983) A glial progenitor cell that develops
in vitro into an astrocyte or an
oligodendrocyte depending on culture
medium. Nature 303: 390-396.
30. Ribeiro J. A. and Sebastiao A. M. (2010)
Caffeine and adenosine. Journal of
Alzheimer Disease 20: 3-15.
31. Setzu A., Ffrench-Constant C. and Franklin
R. J. M. (2004) CNS axons retain their
competence for myelination throughout life.
Glia 45: 307–311.
32. Sherafat M. A., Javan M., Mozafari S.,
Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. and Motamedi F. (2012)
Castration attenuates myelin repair
following lysolecithin induced
demyelination in rat optic chiasm: An
evaluation using visual evoked potential,
marker genes expression and myelin
staining. Neurochemical Research 36:
1887–1895.
33. Shivane A. G. and Chakrabarty A. (2007)
Multiple sclerosis and demyelination.
Current Diagnosis Pathology 13: 193–202.
34. Smith A., Brice C., Nash J., Rich N. and
Nutt D. J. (2003) Caffeine and central
noradrenaline: effects on mood, cognitive
performance, eye movements and
cardiovascular function. Journal of
Psychopharmacology 17: 283–292.
35. Tarbali S., Khezri Sh. and Heidari R. (2013)
Effect of vitamin D3 on improvement of
learning and spatial memory following
demyelination induction in hippocampal
CA1 area of rat. Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology 17: 449-460.
36. Tomassini V. and Pozzilli C. (2009) Sex
hormones, brain damage and clinical course
of multiple sclerosis. Journal of
Neurological Sciences. 286: 35–39.
37. Vela J. M., Molina-Holgado E., Arevalo-
Martin A., Almazan G. and Guaza C. (2002)
Interleukin-1 regulates proliferation and
differentiation of oligodendrocyte
progenitor cells. Molecular and Cellular
Neuroscience 20: 489–502.
38. Wallace V. C., Cottrell D. F., Brophy P. J.
and Fleetwood-Walker S. M. (2003) Focal
lysolecithin induced demyeliation of
peripheral afferents results in neuropathic
pain behavior that is attenuated by
cannabinoids. Journal of Neuroscience 23:
3221-3233.
39. Webb A., Clark P., Skepper J., Compston A.
and Wood A. (1995) Guidance of
oligodendrocytes and their progenitors by
substratum topography. Journal of Cell
Science 108: 2747-2760.
40. Wentz C. T. and Magavi S. P. (2009)
Caffeine alters proliferation of neuronal
precursors in the adult hippocampus.
Neuropharmacology 56: 994-1000.
41. Zhang S. C., Goetz B. D., Carre J. L. and
Duncan I. D. (2001) Reactive microglia in
dysmyelination and demyelination. Glia 34:
101–109.
42. Zhang S. C., Ge B. and Duncan I. D. (1999)
Adult brain retains the potential to generate
oligodendroglial progenitors with extensive
myelination capacity. Proceedings of
National Academic Sciences 96: 4089–
4094. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research (2016) 8 (1), 15-24
24
Send comment about this article