Document Type : Research Articles
Authors
Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
Abstract
The diploid number among Gekkonid lizards ranges from 2n=16 to 2n=46. The majority of geckos' chromosomes are small which makes the study of their chromosomes very difficult. For this reason, karyotype of Cyrtopodion caspium and some similar gecko are still not known. The close relatives of C. caspium have variation in the chromosomal number in their populations. So to find out possible variability among these populations in Iran. We described the karyotype of testis and bone marrow of 14 specimens of this species from seven provinces and 10 localities in north and north-eastern parts of Iran in 2011. They showed 2n=38 for all populations. There is not intraspecific chromosome polymorphism in Cyrtopodion caspium. The karyotype consists of one pair of metacentric element and 17 pairs of telocentric or subtelocentric elements and one pair of three arm chromosomes. The number of haploid chromosomes was 21 for three male specimens. The chromatid separation did not show heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Our results highlight the need for continued research into the basic biology and taxonomy of Cyrtopodion caspium in Iran.
Keywords
1. Ahmadzadeh F. (2004) A preliminary study of the Lizard fauna and their habitats in Meshkinshahr district. Environmental Sciences. 1(2). 39-44.
2. Ahmadzadeh F., Kiabi B. H., Kami H. G.,and V. Hojati. (2008) A preliminary study of the Lizard fauna and their habitats in Northwestern Iran. Asiatic Herpetological Research. Vol 11, pp. 1-9.
3. Ahmadzadeh F., Kiabi B. H., Zehzad B., and Kami H. G. (2005) A survey on Lizard fauna in the northern part of Ardebil province of Iran. First international conference of biology. 23-25 August. GilanUniversity. Rasht. Iran.
4. Anderson S. C. (1999) The lizards of Iran. Contributions to Herpetology. Vol. 15, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Saint Louis, Missouri: i-vii, 35-44.
5. Beçak W. (1983) Evolution and differentiation of sex chromosome in lower vertebrates. Differentiation, 23(supl.): 3-12.
6. Bull J. J. (1978) Sex chromosome differentiation: an intermediate stage in a lizard. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 20: 205-209.
7. Cohen M. M., Huang Ch., and Clrak H. F.. (1967) The somatic chromosomes of 3 lizard species: Gekko gecko, Iguana iguana, and Crotaphytus collaris cellular and molecular life sciences. Vol. 23, No. 9,769-771
8. Cole C. J., Lowe C. H., and Wright J. W. (1969) Sex Chromosomes in Teiid Whiptail Lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). American Museum Novitates, 2395: 1-14.
9. Eric J. V., and Bruce T. L. (2006) Multiple independent origins of sex chromosomes in amniotes PNAS. 103(20): 18031 –18048
10. Ezaz T., Quinn A. E., Sarre S. D., O'Meally D., Georges A., Marshall J. A., and Graves M.. (2009) Molecular marker suggests rapid changes of sex-determining mechanisms in Australian dragon lizards ,Chromosome Research , Vol.17, 91-98.
11. Frost D. R., and Etheridge R. (1989) A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 81: 1-65.
12. Hidetoshi O., Hikida T., Nabhitabhata J., and Panha S.. (2001) Cryptic Taxonomic Diversity in Two Broadly Distributed Lizards of Thailand (Mabuya macularia and Dixonius siamensis) as Revealed by Chromosomal Investigations (Reptilia: Lacertilia) The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 1(1): 1-7.
13. Hojati V., Kami H. G., Faghiri A., and Ahmadzaheh F. (2009) A morphological study of Bedriaga plate- tailed Gecko, Teratoscincus bedriaga Nikolsky 1900, in Semnan province of Iran (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), Zoology in the Middle East. 46: 113-115.
14. Iturra P., Veloso A., Espejo P., and Navarro J. (1994) Karyotypic and meiotic evidence for a Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism in the lizard Liolaemus fuscus (Tropiduridae, Sauria). Brazilia Journal of Genetics. 17(2): 171-174.
15. Janes, D. E., Ezaz T., Graves J. A. M., and Edwards S. V. (2009) Recombination and nucleotide diversity in the pseudoautosomal region of minimally differentiated sex chromosomes in the Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae. Journal of Heredity 100(2): 125-136.
16. Katia C., and Machado P. (1995) C-and R-banding patterns and nucleolus organizer regions in the karyotype of Hemidactylus mabouia (Sauria, Gekkonidae). Brazilia Journal of Genetics. 18, p. 527-531.
17. Kawai A., Junko I., Nishida C., Ayumi K., and Ota H.. (2009) The ZW sex chromosomes of Gekko hokouensis(Gekkonidae, Squamata) represent highly conserved homology with those of avian species. Chromosoma 118: 51-43.
18. King M. (1977) Chromosomal and morphometric variation in the GekkoDiplodactylus vittatus. Austerallian Journal of Zoology 25(1): 57-43
19. King M. (1983) Katyotypic evolution in Gehyra (Gekkonidae: Reptilia). III. The Gehyra australis complex. Aust. J. zool. 31: 723-741.
20. Klug M. (1991) Checklist of gekkonoid lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 85: 1-35.
21. Lamborot M., and Alvares-Sarret E. (1989) Karyotypic characterization of some Liolaemus lizards in Chile (Iguanidae). Genome. 32: 393-403.
22. Lamborot, M. (1991) Karyotypic variation among populations of Liolaemus monticola (Tropiduridae) separated by riverine barriers in the Andean Range. Copeia (4): 1044-1059.
23. Levan A., Fredga K., and Sandberg A. A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas, 52(2): 201-220.
24. McBee K., Bickham J. W., and Dixon J. R. (1987) Male heterogamy and chromosomal variation in Caribbean geckos. Journal of Herpetology 21 (1): 68-71.
25. Mortiz C. (1984) The evolution of a highly variable sex chromosome in Gehyra purpurascens (Gekkonidae): Chromosome 90: 111-119.
26. Mortiz C. (1990) Patterns and processes of sex chromosome evolution in Gekkonid lizards (Reptilia: Sauria). In Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles (Olmo, E., Ed.). BirkhauserVerlag, Switzerland, pp. 205-220.
27. Oliver P. M., Hutchinson M. and Hutchinson R. (2007) Karyotypic variation in the Australian gecko Ciplodactylus tessellatus, with the description of a new karyotypic complement for diplodactyline geckos Journal of Herpetology 41 (3): 540-543.
28. Peccinini-Seale D. (1981) New developments in vertebrate cytotaxonomy. IV. Cytogenetic studies in reptiles. Genetica, 56: 123-148.
29. Peccinini-Seale D., and Frota-Pessoa O. (1974) Structural heterozygozyty in parthenogenetic populations of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) from the Amazonas Valley. Chromosome, 47: 439-451.
30. Porter C. A., and Sites J. W. (1986) Evolution of Sceloporus grammicus complex (Sauria: Iguanidae) in central Mexico: population cytogenetics. Syst. Zool. 35: 334-358.
31. Rastegar-Pouyani N., Kami H. G., Rajabzadeh M., Shafiei S., and Anderson S. C. (2008) Annotated check list of amphibians and reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics(IJAB). 4 (1), 43-66.
32. Rhodin A. G. J., Dijk P. P. V., Iverson J. B., Shaffer H. B. (2010) Turtle of the world: Annotated check list of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs. (5). 85-164.
33. Schmid M., Feichtinger W., Nanda I., Schakowski R., Garcia R. V., Puppo J. M., and Badillo A. F. (1994) An extraordinary low diploid chromosome number in the reptile Gonatodestaniae (Squamata, Gekkonidae). J. Heredity. 85: 255-260.
34. Scott C. C., and Edwards V. (2009) Genome evolution in Reptilia: in silico chicken mapping of 12,000 BAC-endsequences from two reptiles and a basal bird, Proceedings of the Avian Genomics Conference and Gene Ontology Annotation Workshop.
35. Shibaike, Y., Takahashi Y., Arikura I., Iiizumi R., Kitakawa S., Sakai M., Imaoka C., Shiro H., Tanaka H., Akakubo N., Nakano M., Watanabe M., Ohne K., Kubota S., Kohno S., and Ota H. (2009) Chromosome evolution in the lizard genus Gekko (Gekkonidae, Squamata, Reptilia) in the East Asian islands. Cytogenetic and Genome Research.127:182-190.
36. Sites J. W. (1983) Chromosome evolution in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus grammicus. Chromosome polymorphisms. Evolution 37: 38-53.
37. Swanson C. P., Merz T., and William J. A. Y. (1981) Cytogenetics: The chromosome in division, Inheritance and Evolution. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. xiv, 577pp.
38. Webster T. P., Hall W. P., and Williams E. E. (1972) Fission in the evolution of a lizard karyotype. Science. 77: 611-613.
)
Send comment about this article