ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cancer, A Big Monster, Which Should Be Defeated / The Editorial
Cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide. Huge research and identification of several markers have resulted in better understanding of its mechanism. Researches focusing on cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis will help the scientific community to propose the therapeutic approaches for treatment of this monstrous disease. Interest of governmental agencies and inter-communications of molecular biologists with clinicians can boost the new ideas in identification and characterizations of cancer stem cells. It will also help to elucidate their roles in tumor progression and hopefully would result in better ways to reduce the mortality related to cancer.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_26970_e92ae7e278581bc8a0b51cf36743ed0d.pdf
2013-12-01
47
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.29766
Cancer stem cells
metastasis
abnormal growth
Maryam M.
Matin
matin@um.ac.ir
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Hunter, K., Welch, D.R., Liu, E.T. (2003) Genetic background is an important determinant of metastatic potential. Nat Genet. 34: 23–24.
1
2. Lindström, L.S., Hall, P, Hartman, M., Wiklund, F., Czene, K. (2009) Is genetic background important in lung cancer survival? PLoS One. 4(5):e5588.
2
3. Medema, J.P. (2013) Cancer stem cells: the challenges ahead. Nat Cell Biol. 15(4): 338-344.
3
4. Mousavi, S.M., Gouya, M.M., Ramazani, R., Davanlou, M., Hajsadeghi, N., Seddighi, Z. (2008) Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran. Ann Oncol. 20(3): 556-563.
4
5. Vermeulen, L., Sprick, M.R., Kemper, K., Stassi, G., Medema, J.P. (2008) Cancer stem cells - old concepts, new insights. Cell Death Differ. 15: 947–958.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isolation, Culture and Characterization of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells
Nowadays, production of recombinant proteins in eukaryotes is gaining good deal of attention. Transgenic chicken as a eukaryotic system has a high potential for producing recombinant proteins. Post-translational changes, especially glycosylation, are characteristic of the eukaryotic proteins. In practice we need to choose a proper expressing host when considering over-expression of a recombinant protein. Chickens are among the well-considered candidates for such application. Production of transgenic chickens could be achieved in different ways, including application of primordial germ cells. Primordial germ cells are progenitor of sperm and ovum. These cells are round, with a big nucleus and a cytoplasm with lipid and glycogen particles. The first step for having transgenic chickens is isolation and culture of the primordial gem cells. In the present study, these cells were isolated by centrifugation method in presence of ficoll and using magnetic cell sorting, and were cultured in optimal culture medium. These cells were finally characterized with defined methods, like Periodic acid-schiff staining, alkaline phosphates activity assessment, and antibody staining.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_26979_a48561a1f04faebc22b7daf08b1bd7e3.pdf
2013-12-01
48
53
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.24558
primordial germ cells
transgenic chicken
recombinant proteins
Mohsen
Naeemipour
m.naeemipour@yahoo.com
1
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Bassami
bassami@um.ac.ir
2
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
AUTHOR
1. Choi J. W., Kim S., Kim T. M., Kim Y. M., Seo H. W., Park T. S., Jeong J. W., Song G. and Han J. Y. (2010) Basic fibroblast growth factor activates MEK/ERK cell signaling pathway and stimulates the proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells. PloS one 5:e12968.
1
2. Fan L., Moon J., Wong T., Crodian J. and Collodi P. (2008) Zebrafish primordial germ cell cultures derived from vasa::RFP transgenic embryos. Stem Cells Dev 17:585-597.
2
3. Fujimoto T., Ukeshima A. and Kiyofuji R. (1976) The origin, migration and morphology of the primordial germ cells in the chick embryo. The Anatomical record 185:139-145.
3
4. Gomperts M., Garcia-Castro M., Wylie C. and Heasman J. (1994) Interactions between primordial germ cells play a role in their migration in mouse embryos. Development (Cambridge, England) 120:135-141.
4
5. Gordon J. W., Scangos G. A., Plotkin D. J., Barbosa J. A. and Ruddle F. H. (1980) Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77:7380-7384.
5
6. Hamburger V. and Hamilton H. L. (1992) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Developmental Dynamics 195:231-272.
6
7. Han J. Y. (2009) Germ cells and transgenesis in chickens. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 32:61-80.
7
8. Henderson J. K., Draper J. S., Baillie H. S., Fishel S., Thomson J. A., Moore H. and Andrews P. W. (2002) Preimplantation human embryos and embryonic stem cells show comparable expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 20:329-337.
8
9. Houdebine L.-M. (2002) The methods to generate transgenic animals and to control transgene expression. Journal of Biotechnology 98:145-160.
9
10. Jung J. G., Kim D. K., Park T. S., Lee S. D., Lim J. M. and Han J. Y. (2005) Development of novel markers for the characterization of chicken primordial germ cells. Stem Cells 23:689-698.
10
11. Kim J. N., Kim M. A., Park T. S., Kim D. K., Park H. J., Ono T., Lim J. M. and Han J. Y. (2004) Enriched gonadal migration of donor-derived gonadal primordial germ cells by immunomagnetic cell sorting in birds. Mol Reprod Dev 68:81-87.
11
12. Kunwar P. S., Siekhaus D. E. and Lehmann R. (2006) In vivo migration: a germ cell perspective. Annual review of cell and developmental biology 22:237-265.
12
13. Kuramochi-Miyagawa S., Watanabe T., Gotoh K., Takamatsu K., Chuma S., Kojima-Kita K., Shiromoto Y., Asada N., Toyoda A., Fujiyama A., Totoki Y., Shibata T., Kimura T., Nakatsuji N., Noce T., Sasaki H. and Nakano T. (2010) MVH in piRNA processing and gene silencing of retrotransposons. Genes & development 24:887-892.
13
14. Love J., Gribbin C., Mather C. and Sang H. (1994) Transgenic birds by DNA microinjection. Bio/technology (Nature Publishing Company) 12:60-63.
14
15. Matsui Y., Zsebo K. and Hogan B. L. (1992) Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture. Cell 70:841-847.
15
16. Pesce M., Farrace M. G., Piacentini M., Dolci S. and De Felici M. (1993) Stem cell factor and leukemia inhibitory factor promote primordial germ cell survival by suppressing programmed cell death (apoptosis). Development (Cambridge, England) 118:1089-1094.
16
17. Petitte J. N., Clark M. E., Liu G., Verrinder Gibbins A. M. and Etches R. J. (1990) Production of somatic and germline chimeras in the chicken by transfer of early blastodermal cells. Development (Cambridge, England) 108:185-189.
17
18. Resnick J. L., Bixler L. S., Cheng L. and Donovan P. J. (1992) Long-term proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 359:550-551.
18
19. Shamblott M. J., Axelman J., Wang S., Bugg E. M., Littlefield J. W., Donovan P. J., Blumenthal P. D., Huggins G. R. and Gearhart J. D. (1998) Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:13726-13731.
19
20. Swift C. H. (1915) Origin of the definitive sex-cells in the female chick and their relation to the primordial germ-cells. American Journal of Anatomy 18:441-470.
20
21. Tsunekawa N., Naito M., Sakai Y., Nishida T. and Noce T. (2000) Isolation of chicken vasa homolog gene and tracing the origin of primordial germ cells. Development (Cambridge, England) 127:2741-2750.
21
22. van de Lavoir M., Mather-Love C., Leighton P., Diamond J. H., Heyer B. S., Roberts R., Zhu L., Winters-Digiacinto P., Kerchner A., Gessaro T., Swanberg S., Delany M. E. and Etches R. J. (2006) High-grade transgenic somatic chimeras from chicken embryonic stem cells. Mech Dev 123:31-41.
22
23. Yasuda Y., Tajima A., Fujimoto T. and Kuwana T. (1992) A method to obtain avian germ-line chimaeras using isolated primordial germ cells. Journal of reproduction and fertility 96:521-528.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of relationship between HNF-1α and GLP-1R polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in a population living in northeast of Iran
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising dramatically in the Middle East, especially in the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes in Iran is poorly understood. Polymorphisms of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) genes showed association with type 2 diabetes in several ethnic groups. In this study, we evaluated whether these markers confer susceptibility to T2DM in a diabetic population living in Mashhad (northeast of Iran). Genotyping of Ala98Val (HNF-1α) and Thr149Met (GLP-1R) was done by the restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR (RFLP-PCR) method in the following groups: 1) early-onset diabetes (age at onset ≤ 35 years); 2) late-onset diabetes (age at onset > 35 years); and 3) control. Our results showed that CT (Ala/Val) genotype of HNF-1α was higher in the early-onset type 2 diabetic group compared to the controls but difference was not significant. We did not find the GLP-1R Thr149Met mutation in all participants. The prevalence of the HNF-1α (Ala98Val) and (GLP-1R) Thr149Met mutations has not been previously reported in Iranian participants. We conclude that these mutations are not a common cause of T2DM in our studied population.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_26997_89f1e351a69ef85aae6860c9b2f672ac.pdf
2013-12-01
54
59
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.24545
Type 2 diabetes
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
Polymorphism
Samaneh
Sepahi
samanehsepahi@gmail.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Razieh
Jalal
razieh@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Behnaz
Toluinia
b_tolui@yahoo.com
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Ahamad
Asoodeh
asoodeh@um.ac.ir
4
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Jamshid
Darvish
darvish_j2001@yahoo.com
5
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Anuradha S., Radha V., Deepa R., Hansen T., Carstensen B., Pedersen O. and Mohan V. (2005) A prevalent amino acid polymorphism at codon 98 (Ala98Val) of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young and younger age at onset of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 28:2430-2435.
1
2- Association A. D. (2009) Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Care 32:S62–S67.
2
3- Azizi F., Gouya M. M., Vazirian P., Dolatshahi P. and Habibian S. (2003a) The diabetes prevention and control programme of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean health journal 9:1114-1121.
3
4- Azizi F., Guoya M. M., Vazirian P., Dolatshati P. and Habbibian S. (2003b) Screening for type 2 diabetes in the Iranian national programme: a preliminary report. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 9:1122-1127.
4
5- Beinborn M., Worrall C. I., McBride E. W. and Kopin A. S. (2005) A human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor polymorphism results in reduced agonist responsiveness. Regulatory peptides 130:1-6.
5
6- Bener A., Zirie M. and Al-Rikabi A. (2005) Genetics, obesity, and environmental risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Croatian medical journal 46:302-307.
6
7- Bowden D. W., Sale M., Howard T. D., Qadri A., Spray B. J., Rothschild C. B., Akots G., Rich S. S. and Freedman B. I. (1997) Linkage of genetic markers on human chromosomes 20 and 12 to NIDDM in Caucasian sib pairs with a history of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 46:882-886.
7
8- Chiu K. C., Chuang L. M., Chu A. and Wang M. (2003) Transcription factor 1 and beta-cell function in glucose-tolerant subjects. Diabetic medicine: Journal of the British Diabetic Association 20:225-230.
8
9- Drucker D. J. (2006) The biology of incretin hormones. Cell metabolism 3:153-165.
9
10- Drucker D. J. and Nauck M. A. (2006) The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 368:1696-1705.
10
11- Ellard S. (2000) Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) mutations in maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Human mutation 16:377-385.
11
12- Gadsby R. (2002) Epidemiology of diabetes. Advance Drug Delivery Reviews 54:1165-1172.
12
13- Herman W. H., Fajans S. S., Ortiz F. J., Smith M. J., Sturis J., Bell G. I., Polonsky K. S. and Halter J. B. (1994) Abnormal insulin secretion, not insulin resistance, is the genetic or primary defect of MODY in the RW pedigree. Diabetes 43:40-46.
13
14- Holmkvist J., Cervin C., Lyssenko V., Winckler W., Anevski D., Cilio C., Almgren P., Berglund G., Nilsson P., Tuomi T., Lindgren C. M., Altshuler D. and Groop L. (2006) Common variants in HNF-1 alpha and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 49:2882-2891.
14
15- Hussain A., Vaaler S., Sayeed M. A., Mahtab H., Ali S. M. and Khan A. K. (2007) Type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting blood glucose in rural Bangladesh: a population-based study. European journal of public health 17:291-296.
15
16- Iwasaki N., Oda N., Ogata M., Hara M., Hinokio Y., Oda Y., Yamagata K., Kanematsu S., Ohgawara H., Omori Y. and Bell G. I. (1997) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha/MODY3 gene in Japanese subjects with early- and late-onset NIDDM. Diabetes 46:1504-1508.
16
17- Lee H. J., Ahn C. W., Kim S. J., Song Y. D., Lim S. K., Kim K. R., Lee H. C. and Huh K. B. (2001) Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is not a common cause of MODY and early-onset type 2 diabetes in Korea. Acta diabetologica 38:123-127.
17
18- Lehto M., Wipemo C., Ivarsson S. A., Lindgren C., Lipsanen-Nyman M., Weng J., Wibell L., Widen E., Tuomi T. and Groop L. (1999) High frequency of mutations in MODY and mitochondrial genes in Scandinavian patients with familial early-onset diabetes. Diabetologia 42:1131-1137.
18
19- Lim D. M., Huh N. and Park K. Y. (2008) Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha mutation in normal glucose-tolerant subjects and early-onset type 2 diabetic patients. The Korean journal of internal medicine 23:165-169.
19
20- Mahtani M. M., Widen E., Lehto M., Thomas J., McCarthy M., Brayer J., Bryant B., Chan G., Daly M., Forsblom C., Kanninen T., Kirby A., Kruglyak L., Munnelly K., Parkkonen M., Reeve-Daly M. P., Weaver A., Brettin T., Duyk G., Lander E. S. and Groop L. C. (1996) Mapping of a gene for type 2 diabetes associated with an insulin secretion defect by a genome scan in Finnish families. Nature genetics 14:90-94.
20
21- Sahu R. P., Aggarwal A., Zaidi G., Shah A., Modi K., Kongara S., Aggarwal S., Talwar S., Chu S., Bhatia V. and Bhatia E. (2007) Etiology of early-onset type 2 diabetes in Indians: islet autoimmunity and mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha and mitochondrial gene. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 92:2462-2467.
21
22- Sathananthan A., Man C. D., Micheletto F., Zinsmeister A. R., Camilleri M., Giesler P. D., Laugen J. M., Toffolo G., Rizza R. A., Cobelli C. and Vella A. (2010) Common genetic variation in GLP1R and insulin secretion in response to exogenous GLP-1 in nondiabetic subjects: a pilot study. Diabetes Care 33:2074-2076.
22
23- Shaw J., Lovelock P. K., Kesting J. B., Cardinal J., Duffy D., Wainwright B. and Cameron D. P. (1998) Novel susceptibility gene for late-onset NIDDM is localized to human chromosome 12q. Diabetes 47:1793-1796.
23
24- Tokuyama Y., Matsui K., Egashira T., Nozaki O., Ishizuka T. and Kanatsuka A. (2004) Five missense mutations in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene in Japanese population. Diabetes research and clinical practice 66:63-69.
24
25- Urhammer S. A., Fridberg M., Hansen T., Rasmussen S. K., Moller A. M., Clausen J. O. and Pedersen O. (1997) A prevalent amino acid polymorphism at codon 98 in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha gene is associated with reduced serum C-peptide and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Diabetes 46:912-916.
25
26- Weedon M. N., Owen K. R., Shields B., Hitman G., Walker M., McCarthy M. I., Hattersley A. T. and Frayling T. M. (2005) A large-scale association analysis of common variation of the HNF1alpha gene with type 2 diabetes in the U.K. Caucasian population. Diabetes 54:2487-2491.
26
27- Winckler W., Burtt N. P., Holmkvist J., Cervin C., de Bakker P. I., Sun M., Almgren P., Tuomi T., Gaudet D., Hudson T. J., Ardlie K. G., Daly M. J., Hirschhorn J. N., Altshuler D. and Groop L. (2005) Association of common variation in the HNF1alpha gene region with risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54:2336-2342.
27
28- Yaturu S., Bridges J. F. and Dhanireddy R. R. (2005) Preliminary evidence of genetic anticipation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 11:CR262-265.
28
29- Zhang Y., Cook J. T., Hattersley A. T., Firth R., Saker P. J., Warren-Perry M., Stoffel M. and Turner R. C. (1994) Non-linkage of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene with maturity onset diabetes of the young. Diabetologia 37:721-724.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The significance of C-terminal NLS sequences of VirD2 in its nuclear localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of gene transfer to both plant and non-plant organisms. Indeed, upon infection of eukaryotic cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers a piece of its tumor inducing (Ti)-plasmid, called T-DNA, to the host cell nucleus, which subsequently integrates into the host genome. The VirD2 virulence protein which has relaxase endonuclease activities covalently binds to the 5'end of T-DNA and facilitates its transfer, nuclear localization and integration into the host genome in collaboration with the interacting proteins of the host cell. The VirD2 is essential for Agrobacterium–mediated transformation of both plants and non-plant cells. Here, using yeast Green Flourescent Protein (yGFP) technology, we studied the subcellular localization of VirD2, expressed in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fluorescence microscopy showed that an N-terminal yGFP fusion of VirD2 (i.e. 5' GFP-VirD2 3'), was located in the nucleus of yeast. With C-terminal fusions of VirD2 to yGFP (i.e. 5' VirD2-GFP 3'), no particular subcellular concentration of fluorescence was seen. This further confirms nuclear localization of VirD2 in eukaryotic cells and more importantly highlights the role of Nuclear Localization Signal sequences (NLS) of the C-terminal of VirD2 in this phenomenon.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27024_e466dfb8ad62888472b5e7d58970f2c9.pdf
2013-12-01
60
64
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.13541
VirD2
Nuclear delivery
GFP
Agrobacterium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Jalal
Soltani
soltani@basu.ac.ir
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jonathan A.
Lal
2
AUTHOR
G. Paul H.
van Heusden
3
AUTHOR
Paul J.J.
Hooykaas
4
AUTHOR
1. Bako, L., Umeda, M., Tiburcio, A. F., Schell, J. and Koncz, C. (2003) The VirD2 pilot protein of Agrobacterium-transferred DNA interacts with the TATA box-binding protein and a nuclear protein kinase in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 10108–10113.
1
2. Ballas, N. and Citovsky, V. (1997) Nuclear localization signal binding protein from Arabidopsis mediates nuclear import of Agrobacterium VirD2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10723-8.
2
3. Bundock, P. (1999) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of yeasts and fungi. PhD thesis, 119 pp. Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
3
4. Citovsky, V., Zupan, J., Warnick, D. and Zambryski, P. (1992) Nuclear localization of Agrobacterium VirE2 protein in plant cells. Science 256: 1802-1805.
4
5. Citovsky, V., Kozlovsky, S. V., Lacroix, B., Zaltsman, A., Dafny-Yelin, M., Vyas, S., Tovkach, A. and Tzfira T. (2006) Biological systems of the host cell involved in Agrobacterium infection. Cell Microbiol 9: 9-20.
5
6. Gietz, R. D. and Woods, R. A. (2002) Transformation of yeast by lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol method. Methods Enzymol 350: 87–96.
6
7. Haghighi Y. M, Soltani J. Nazeri S. (2013) A survey on optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research. 5(1): 35-41.
7
8. Hašek, J. and Streiblova, E. (1996) Fluorescence microscopy methods. In: Yeast Protocols: Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology vol. 53, pp.391–406. Edited by I.H. Evans, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA.
8
9. Herrera-Estrella, A., Van Montagu, M. and Wang, K. (1990) A bacterial peptide acting as a plant nuclear targeting signal: the amino-terminal portion of Agrobacterium VirD2 protein directs a beta-galactosidase fusion protein into tobacco nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:9534-9537.
9
10. Howard, E., Zupan, J., Citovsky, V., and Zambryski, P.C. (1992) The VirD2 protein of A. tumefaciens contains a C-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal: implications for nuclear uptake of DNA in plant cells. Cell 68: 109–118.
10
11. Li, J., Krichevsky, A., Vaidya, M., Tzfira, T. and Citovsky, V. (2005) Uncoupling of the functions of the Arabidopsis VIP1 protein in transient and stable plant genetic transformation by Agrobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 5733–5738.
11
12. Relić, B., Andjelkovic, M., Rossi, L., Nagamine, Y. and Hohn, B. (1998) Interaction of the DNA modifying proteins VirD1 and VirD2 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: analysis by subcellular localization in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95: 9105–9110.
12
13. Rossi, L., Hohn, B., and Tinland, B. (1993) The VirD2 protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carries nuclear localization signals important for transfer of T-DNA to plants. Mol Gen Genet 239: 345–353
13
14. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Habour Laboratory Press, New York.
14
15. Sherman, F. (1991) Getting started with yeast. Methods Enzymol 194: 3-21.
15
16. Soltani, J., van Heusden, G. P. H. and Hooykaas, P. J. J. (2008) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of non-plant organisms. In Agrobacterium: from biology to biotechnology. pp 649-675. Edited by Tzfira, T. and Citovsky, V. Springer press. New York, USA.
16
17. Soltani, J., van Heusden, G. P. H. and Hooykaas, P.J.J. (2009) Deletion of host histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases strongly affects Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 298: 228-233.
17
18. Takahashi, R., Valeika, S. A. and Glass, K. W. (1992) A simple method of plasmid transformation of E. coli by rapid freezing. Biotechniques 13:711-715.
18
19. Tinland, B., Koukolikova-Nicola, Z., Hall, M. N. and Hohn, B. (1992) The T-DNA-linked VirD2 protein contains two distinct functional nuclear localization signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:7442–7446.
19
20. Tzfira, T., Vaidya, M. and Citovsky, V. (2001) VIP1, an Arabidopsis protein that interacts with Agrobacterium VirE2, is involved in VirE2 nuclear import and Agrobacterium infectivity. EMBO J 20:3596-3607.
20
21. van Attikum, H., Bundock, P. and Hooykaas, P.J.J. (2001) Non-homologous end-joining proteins are required for Agrobacterium T-DNA integration. EMBO J 20:6550–6558.
21
22. van Attikum, H. and Hooykaas, P. J. J. (2003) Genetic requirements for the targeted integration of Agrobacterium T-DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acid Res 31:826–832.
22
23. van Hemert, M. J., Deelder, A. M., Molenaar, C., Steensma, H. Y. and van Heusden G. P. H. (2003) Self-association of the Spindle Pole Body-related Intermediate Filament Protein Fin1p and Its Phosphorylation-dependent Interaction with 14-3-3 Proteins in Yeast. J Biol Chem 278: 15049-15055.
23
24. Wang, K., Herrera-Estrella, A. and Van Montagu, M. (1990) Overexpression of virD1 and virD2 genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens enhances T-complex formation and plant transformation. J Bacteriol 172: 4432–4440.
24
25. Ziemienowicz, A., Görlich, D., Lanka, E., Hohn, B. and Rossi, L. (1999) Import of DNA into mammalian nuclei by proteins originating from a plant pathogenic bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 3729–3733.
25
26. Ziemienowicz, A., Merkle, T., Schoumacher, F., Hohn, B. and Rossi, L, (2001) Import of Agrobacterium T-DNA into plant nuclei. Two distinct functions of VirD2 and VirE2 proteins. Plant Cell 13: 369–384.
26
27. Zonneveld B. J. M. (1986) Cheap and simple yeast media. J Microbiol Methods 4: 287-291.
27
28. Zhu, J., Oger, P. M., Schrammeijer, B., Hooykaas, P.J., Farrand, S.K., and Winans, S.C., 2000. The bases of crown gall tumorigenesis. J Bacteriol 182: 3885–3895.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In silico analysis of chimeric recombinant immunogen against three diarrhea causing bacteria
Shigella and Escherichia belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family which are the cause for most of the diarrheal cases in the world. Shigella can cause bacterial dysenteries and shigellosis. One of the most effective proteins for pathogenesis is invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC). Other bacteria like Enterotoxogenic (ETEC), Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), and E.coli can also cause diarrhea and produce intestinal disorders. Colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I), a critical virulence protein for these infections, has two subunits i.e. CfaB and CfaE. EHEC Attachment of bacteria is the main step of infection with intimin playing the key role in this function. This study was designed to elicit protection against the majority of diarrheal pathogens via development of polyvalent vaccine against Shigella, ETEC and EHEC. In silico techniques are as best tools to design new vaccines. For this purpose the immunogenic epitopes of CfaB, IpaC and Intimin were identified through bioinformatic tools and were then selected as major antigens to construct a chimeric protein (CII). The humoral and cellular immunities were analyzed bioinformatically. Prediction of allergens and mapping of IgE epitopes were carried out. The bioinformatic analysis showed each domain was folded separately in fusion structure. CII had many T and B cell epitopes in both linear and three-dimensional structures. This prediction of the chimeric construct had the potential to induce CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses against these pathogens. In addition CII could be accessible to surveillance by the immune system in mouse and human. In conclusion, in silico analysis showed that this chimeric protein can be used as a vaccine against Shigella, ETEC and EHEC simultaneously.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27050_a68b13ef53fa08d1f343fd34803e3e7f.pdf
2013-12-01
65
74
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.22187
Intimin
CfaB
IpaC
Recombinant vaccine
Chimeric protein
Farzaneh
Khaloiee
fkhaloyie@yahoo.com
1
دانشگاه شاهد
LEAD_AUTHOR
Poneh
Pourfarzam
mlatifm@yahoo.com
2
دانشگاه شاهد
AUTHOR
Iraj
Rasooli
irasooli@yahoo.com
3
دانشگاه شاهد
AUTHOR
Jafar
Amani
jafar.amani@gmail.com
4
دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)
AUTHOR
Shahram
Nazarian
nazarian56@gmail.com
5
دانشگاه امام حسین(ع)
AUTHOR
Seyed Latif
Mousavi
slmousavi@shahed.ac.ir
6
دانشگاه شاهد
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Allelic polymorphism of K-casein, β-Lactoglobulin and leptin genes and their association with milk production traits in Iranian Holstein cattle
The purpose of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of K-casein (K-CN), β-Lactoglobulin (B-LG) and leptin (LP) genes in Iranian Holstein cattle by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 139 cows using a modified phenol chloroform method. Association between K-CN, B-LG and LP genes’ polymorphism with milk production traits were investigated using mixed procedure of SAS software. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes for K-CN (0.72, 0.18 and 0.10), B-LG (0.43, 0.28 and 0.29) and LP (0.24, 0.63 and 0.13) were also calculated. Statistical results revealed a significant association between AA and BB genotypes of the K-CN gene with milk production and milk protein percentage, respectively. Also, BB genotype of the B-LG gene and AA genotype of the LP gene showed a significant association with protein percentage and milk production (P
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27089_2c2b84027041dbd7461695492863f3d5.pdf
2013-12-01
75
80
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.21086
Holstein cattle
K-casein
β-Lactoglobulin
leptin gene
PCR-RFLP
milk production traits
Yahya
Mohammadi
mohamadi_yahya@yahoo.com
1
گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Aslaminejad
ajr764@yahoo.co.uk
2
گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Nassiry
nassiryr@gmail.com
3
گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی
AUTHOR
Ali
Esmailizadeh Koshkoieh
aliesmaili@uk.ac.ir
4
دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
AUTHOR
1. Bovenhuis H., Van Arendonk J. A. M. and Korver S. (1992) Associations between milk protein polymorphisms and milk production traits. Journal Dairy Science 75: 2549-2559.
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2. Buchanan F. C., Fitzsimmons C. J., Vankessel A. G., Thue T. D. and Winkelman-sim D. C. (2002) Association of a missense mutation in the bovine leptin gene with carcass fat content and leptin mRNA levels. Genetic Selection Evolution 34: 105-116.
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3. Buchanan F. C., Vankessel A. G., Waldner C., Christensen D. A. and Laarveld B. (2003) An association between a leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk and protein yield. Journal Dairy Science 86: 3164-3166.
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4. Cardak A. D. (2005) Effects of genetic variants in milk protein on yield and composition of milk from Holstein-Friesian and Simmentaler cows South African Journal of Animal Science 35: 41- 48.
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5. Erhardt G. (1996) Detection of a new kappa-casein variant in milk of Pinzgauer cattle. Animal Genetic 27: 105–107.
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7. Glantz M., Lindmark–Mansson H., Stalhammar H. and Paulsson M. (2011) Effect of polymorphisms in the leptin, leptin receptor, and acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) genes and genetic polymorphism of milk proteins on cheese characteristics. Journal Dairy Science 94: 3295- 3304.
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10. Hamza A. E., Yang Z. P., Wang X. L, Chen R. J., Wu H. T. and Ibrahim A. I. (2011) The Impact of Kappa Casein Gene Polymorphism on Milk Components and Other Productive Performance Traits of Chinese Holstein Cattle. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 31(2): 153-156.
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11
12. Heidari M., Ahani Azari M., Hasani S., Khanahmadi A. and Zerehdaran S. (2009) Association of genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin gene with milk production in a herd and a superior family of Holstein cattle. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 7: 1- 4.
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20
21. Rachagani S., Gupta I. D., Gupta N. and Gupta S. C. (2006) Genotyping of beta-lactoglobulin gene by PCR-RFLP in Sahiwal and Tharparkar cattle breeds. BMC Genetic 7: 31-34.
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26
27. Vohra V., Bhattacharya T. K., Dayal S., Kumar P. and Sharma A. (2006) Genetic variants of beta-lactoglobulin gene and its association with milk composition traits in riverine buffalo. Journal Dairy Research 73: 499–503.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of genetic stability of olive in vitro propagated by RAPD marker
The effect of sub culturing frequencies and different cytokinins (benzyl amino purine (BAP), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2ip) on genetic stability of micropropagated shoots from olive plant were investigated by using physiological traits and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Axillary buds of the olive (cv. Dezful) plants were cultured and subcultured in DKW medium, supplemented with BAP (4 mgl-1) or 2-ip (4 mgl-1). In different hormone media and subcultures there were not significant differences in shoot proliferation rate. To amplify DNA, 18 arbitrary decamer primers were screened, out of which 16 primers generated clear and reproducible bands. All RAPD profiles from the micropropagated plants were monomorphic. The treatments included four successive subcultures in two hormone treatments (2ip or BAP) (4 mgl-1) The 16 primers produced a total of 213 (an average of 13.31 band per primer) scorable bands. The dendrogram constructed on the basis of jaccard’s similarity matrix, followed by UPGMA based clustering analysis showed that micropropagated plants were genetically stable and similar to the mother plant.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27112_e8232065076208d912742a09702f8388.pdf
2013-12-01
81
86
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.24679
Micropropagation
genetic stability
Olea europaea L
RAPD
Maryam
Peyvandi
maryampeyvandi@yahoo.com
1
دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahnaz
Monsef
mahnaz_monsef@yahoo.com
2
دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Hosseini Mazinani
hosseini@nigeb.ac.ir
3
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و تکنولوژی زیستی
AUTHOR
1- Alizadeh M. and Kumar Singh S. (2009) Molecular assessment of clonal fidelity in micropropagated grape (Vitis spp.) rootstock genotypes using RAPD and ISSR markers. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 7(1): 37-44.
1
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3- Ansar A., Touoeer A., Nadeem Akhtar A. and Ishfaq A.H. (2009) Effect of different media and growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation of Olive Cultivar ‘MORAIOLO’. Pak J Bot. 41(2): 783-795.
3
4-Bennici A., Anzidei M. and Vendramin G. (2004) Genetic stability and uniformity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Regenerated plants through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Plant Sci 166: 221–227.
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6-Brito G., Lopes T. and Loureiro J. (2010) Assessment of genetic stability of two micropropagated wild olive species using flow cytometry and microsatellite markers. Trees 24: 723-732.
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7-Chandrika M. and Ravishankar R. V. (2009) An assessment of genetic stability in micropropagated plants of Ochreinauclea missionis by RAPD markers. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 3(3): 320 – 328.
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8-Damasco O. P., Graham G. C., Henry R. J., Adkins S. W. and Godwin I. D. (1996) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) detection of dwarf off-types in micropropagated Cavendish (Musa spp. AAA) bananas. Plant Cell Rep 16: 118-123.
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10-Diaz S., Pire C. and Ferrer J. (2003) Identification of Phoenix dactylifera L. varieties based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Cell MolBiolLett 8: 891-899.
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Developments toward an Ideal Skin Substitute: A Commentary
Skin grafting always has been considered a challenging task for the researchers and tissue engineers from its first introduction in 1871 by Reverdin. Skin substitutes, composed of degradable synthetic or biological components, are being considered as emergency replacements/grafts to the damaged skin. A number of technical developments in this filed have led to development of several skin substitutes, such as Biobrane®, Integra®, OrCel®, Suprathel® etc which are available for clinical utilization. From these, some characteristics, including infection resistance, water loss prevention, long shelf life, easy to store are set as criteria for assessment of the products. Post grafting problems associated with available skin substitutes questioned their reliability and reject them as an ideal skin substitute. Innovative tissue engineering approaches based on biological scaffolds and clinical grade stem cells could be an attractive alternative for available skin substitutes.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27171_715d37324ba7615c3a1759ac73311925.pdf
2013-12-01
87
91
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.29491
tissue engineering
allografts
xenografts
epidermis
keratinocyte cultures
Skin Substitutes
Muhammad
Irfan-Maqsood
yourirfan@live.com
1
ACCER, Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shabnam
Hemmati Sadeghi
shabnam.hemmati.s@gmail.com
2
AUTHOR
1. Myers S. R., Partha V. N., Soranzo C., Price R. D., Navsaria H. A. (2007) Hyalomatrix: A temporary epidermal barrier, hyaluronan delivery, and neodermis induction system for keratinocyte stem cell therapy. Tissue Eng 13: 2733-41.
1
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2
3. Gerlach J. C., Johnen C., Ottoman C., Bräutigam K., Plettig J., Belfekroun C., Münch S., Hartmann B. (2011) Method for autologous single skin cell isolation for regenerative cell spray transplantation with non-cultured cells. Int J Artif Organs 34(3): 271-9.
3
4. Uhlig C., Rapp M., Hartmann B., Hierlemann H., Planck H., Dittel K. K. (2007) Suprathel-an innovative, resorbable skin substitute for the treatment of burn victims. Burns 33(2): 221-9.
4
5. Fikry K. and Bittner E. A. (2013) Tegaderm™ trauma in the operating room. Anesthesiology 119(4): 955
5
6. Atiyeh B. S., Gunn S. W., Hayek S. N. (2005) State of the art in burn treatment. World J Surg 29(2): 131-48.
6
7. Horch R. E., Kopp J., Kneser U., Beier J., Bach A. D. (2005) Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitutes. J Cell Mol Med. 9(3): 592-608.
7
8. Marcus C. Ferreira, Andre O. Paggiaro, Cesar Isaac, Nuberto T. Neto, Gustavo B. Dos, Santos (2011) Skin substitutes: current concepts and a new classification system. Rev Bras Cir Plast 26(4): 696-702.
8
9. Ahmad S. Halim, Teng L. Khoo, and Shah J. M. Yussof. (2010) Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview. Indian J Plast Surg 43: S23–S28.
9
10. Van-der-Veen V. C., van-der-Wal M. B., van-Leeuwen M. C., Ulrich M. M., Middelkoop E. (2010) Biological background of dermal substitutes. Burns 36: 305–21.
10
11. Sheridan R. L. and Moreno C. (2001) Skin substitutes in burns. Burns 27(1): 92.
11
12. Ortega-Zilic N., Hunziker T., Läuchli S., Mayer D. O., Huber C., Baumann Conzett K. (2010) EpiDex® Swiss field trial 2004-2008. Dermatology 221(4): 365-72.
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13. Hafner J., Kuhne A., Trueb R. M. (2006) Successful grafting with EpiDex in pyoderma gangrenosum. Dermatology 212(3): 258-9.
13
14. Brown-Estris M., Cutshall W., Hiles M. (2002) A new biomaterial derived from small intestinal submucosa and developed into a wound matrix device. Wounds 14: 150-166.
14
15. Demling R., Niezgoda J., Haraway G., Mostow E. (2004) Small intestinal submucosa wound matrix and full thickness venous ulcers. Wounds 16: 18-23.
15
16. Niezgoda J. A., Van Gils C. C., Frykberg R. G., Hodde J. P. (2005) Randomized clinical trial comparing OASIS wound matrix to regranex gel for diabetic ulcers. Adv Skin Wound Care 18(5): 258-66.
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17. Eisenberg M. and Llewelyn D. (1998) Surgical management of hands in children with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: use of allogeneic composite cultured skin grafts. Br J Plast Surg 51: 608–13.
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18. Still J., Glat P., Silverstein P., Griswold J., Mozingo D. (2003) The use of a collagen sponge/living cell composite material to treat donor sites in burn patients. Burns 29: 837-41.
18
19. Hansen S. L., Voigt D. W., Wiebelhaus P., Paul C. N. (2001) Using skin replacement products to treat burns and wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care 14:37–44.
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20. Demling R. H. (1985) Burns. N Engl J Med 313: 1389–98.
20
21. Rahmanian-Schwarz A., Beiderwieden A., Willkomm L. M., Amr A., Schaller H. E., Lotter O. (2011) A clinical evaluation of Biobrane(®) and Suprathel(®) in acute burns and reconstructive surgery. Burns 37(8):1343-8.
21
22. Chua A. W., Ma D. R., Song I. C., Phan T. T., Lee S. T., Song C. (2008) In vitro evaluation of fibrin mat and Tegaderm wound dressing for the delivery of keratinocytes--implications of their use to treat burns. Burns (2):175-80.
22
23. Arda O., Göksügür N., Tüzün Y. (2014) Basic histological structure and functions of facial skin. Clin Dermatol 32(1): 3-13.
23
24. Blais M., Parenteau-Bareil R., Cadau S., Berthod F. (2013) Concise review: tissue-engineered skin and nerve regeneration in burn treatment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2(7): 545-51.
24
25. Kirsten A. Bielefeld, Saeid Amini-Nik, and Benjamin A. Alman. (2013) Cutaneous wound healing: recruiting developmental pathways for regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 70(12): 2059–2081.
25
26. Reverdin J. L. (1871) Sur la greff epidermique. CR Acad Sci 73:1280.
26
27. Shah M., Revis D., Herrick S., Baillie R., Thorgeirson S., Ferguson M., Roberts A. (1989) Role of elevated plasma transforming growth factor β1 levels in wound healing. Am J Pathol 154: 1115-1124.
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28
29. Ferguson M. W. and O’Kane S. (2004) Scar-free healing: from embryonic mechanisms to adult therapeutic intervention. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 359: 839–850.
29
30. MacNeil S. (2007) Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin. Nature 445(7130): 874-80.
30
31. Irfan-Maqsood, M. (2013) Stem Cells of Epidermis: A Critical Introduction. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research 5(2):1-2.
31
32. Haifei S., Xingang W., Shoucheng W., Zhengwei M., Chuangang Y., Chunmao H. (2014) The effect of collagen-chitosan porous scaffold thickness on dermal regeneration in a one-stage grafting procedure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 29: 114-25.
32
33. Sriwiriyanont P., Lynch K. A., McFarland K. L., Supp D. M., Boyce S. T. (2013) Characterization of hair follicle development in engineered skin substitutes. PLoS One 8(6):e65664.
33
34. Abu Bakar Mohd Hilmi, Ahmad Sukari Halim, Hasnan Jaafar, Abu Bakar Asiah, and Asma Hassan. (2013) Chitosan Dermal Substitute and Chitosan Skin Substitute Contribute to Accelerated Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Irradiated Rats. BioMed Research International 2013:1-13
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Therapeutic potential of Stem Cell Preconditioning for Ischemic Heart Diseases / Letter to the Editor
Preconditioning (PC), is an approach to improve therapeutic potential of stem cells against ischemic environment. PC has several advantages over other therapeutic techniques as this results in increase of transplanted stem cells recruitment, retention, survival and subsequently the induction of a more supportive environment within the damaged tissue via secretion of angiogenic factors. Special attention is needed to recognize new materials, compounds, and conditions to assess the feasibility of PC for being applied in clinics to treat the ischemic diseases.
https://jcmr.um.ac.ir/article_27196_e49a554c6c376a2a67d88e2b80f39007.pdf
2013-12-01
92
93
10.22067/jcmr.v5i2.29470
stem cell preconditioning
cardiovascular diseases
ischemic heart diseases
progenitor cells
Mahdi
Mirahmadi
mahdi.mirahmadi85@gmail.com
1
Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative med.
AUTHOR
Asieh
Heirani-Tabasi
asieh.heirani@gmail.com
2
ACECR, Mashhad
AUTHOR
Halimeh
Hassanzadeh
ma.hassanzade@gmail.com
3
ACECR, Mashhad
AUTHOR
Mandana
Pishbin
4
ACECR, Mashhad
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Bidkhori
bidkhori@acecr.ac.ir
5
AUTHOR
Hojjat
Naderi-Meshkin
hojjat_naderi@yahoo.com
6
ACECR, Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Cencioni C., Melchionna R., Straino S., Romani M., Cappuzzello C., Annese V., Wu J. C., Pompilio G., Santoni A., Gaetano C., Napolitano M. and Capogrossi M. C. (2013) Ex vivo acidic preconditioning enhances bone marrow ckit+ cell therapeutic potential via increased CXCR4 expression. Eur Heart J 34:2007-2016.
1
2. Herrmann J. L., Wang Y., Abarbanell A. M., Weil B. R., Tan J. and Meldrum D. R. (2010) Preconditioning mesenchymal stem cells with transforming growth factor-alpha improves mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardioprotection. Shock 33:24-30.
2
3. Hung S. C., Pochampally R. R., Hsu S. C., Sanchez C., Chen S. C., Spees J. and Prockop D. J. (2007) Short-term exposure of multipotent stromal cells to low oxygen increases their expression of CX3CR1 and CXCR4 and their engraftment in vivo. PLoS One 2:e416.
3
4. Kubo M., Li T. S., Kamota T., Ohshima M., Qin S. L. and Hamano K. (2009) Increased expression of CXCR4 and integrin alphaM in hypoxia-preconditioned cells contributes to improved cell retention and angiogenic potency. J Cell Physiol 220:508-514.
4
5. Tang Y. L., Zhu W., Cheng M., Chen L., Zhang J., Sun T., Kishore R., Phillips M. I., Losordo D. W. and Qin G. (2009) Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the benefit of cardiac progenitor cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction by inducing CXCR4 expression. Circ Res 104:1209-1216.
5
6. Wilschut K. J., Ling V. B. and Bernstein H. S. (2012) Concise review: stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. Stem Cells Transl Med 1:833-842.
6
7. Yu S. P., Wei Z. and Wei L. (2013) Preconditioning strategy in stem cell transplantation therapy. Transl Stroke Res 4:76
7